Africa is emerging as the most strategic player in the race for critical minerals that will define the world’s clean energy future. With reserves of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo, lithium in Zimbabwe, rare earth elements in Burundi, and vast graphite and manganese deposits across the continent, analysts predict Africa will be at the centre of a trillion-dollar minerals revolution.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), demand for critical minerals is expected to double by 2040, driven by the global shift to electric vehicles, renewable power systems, and digital infrastructure. This places Africa in a pivotal role as advanced economies and tech companies scramble to secure long-term supply chains.
Already, China has moved aggressively, investing heavily in mines and refining facilities across Africa. The U.S. and Europe are now playing catch-up, seeking partnerships to reduce dependency on Chinese-controlled supply lines. For African governments, this surge offers a rare opportunity to transform raw resources into industrial growth — if value-added processing and local manufacturing are prioritised.
Experts warn, however, that without strong governance and equitable contracts, Africa risks repeating the mistakes of the oil and gold eras: exporting raw materials while importing finished goods. The continent’s next challenge will be ensuring that the mineral boom drives sustainable growth, job creation, and regional integration rather than another cycle of dependency.
With demand rising fast, Africa holds the key to the global energy transition. Whether it becomes the backbone of the green economy or simply another resource frontier will depend on the decisions made today.